These conflicts replaced Cold War conflict formations, where large wars pitted major fighting forces against each other, in which rebel groups threatened to capture a capital or to secede. This major global event changed the nature and forms of Africa’s conflicts, as new insurgent organizations (and old ones with transformed agendas) caused immeasurable harm to the continent’s citizens, leading many observers to claim that Africa was the most endemically violent region in the world. The first was the collapse of the Soviet Union, where the weakening of proxy states created political vacuums leading to major contestations. The scholarly literature identifies two major turning points in African conflicts. These conflicts are understood as violent struggles among different political formations, such as national governments, warlords, rebel or insurgent groups, and various armed private interests, pursuing multiple agendas, where the systematic predation of civilians is an instrument of war. Much of the scholarship on conflict formations in sub-Saharan Africa involves the use of case studies to examine intrastate conflict, as well as the way these conflicts spill into neighboring territories.
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